The unified linkage model: A new lens for understanding cyber risk

The Unified Linkage Model: A New Lens for Understanding Cyber Risk

Cyber threats don't just hit your systems — they move through your connections. The ULM shows how those hidden links fuel real risk.

When Okta's support credentials were stolen in 2023, the breach didn't stop at the identity provider. It rippled outward — through SaaS integrations, internal legacy applications and downstream development pipelines.

The attack propagated through the quiet linkages that bound those systems together.

Most security programs don't model those linkages. The unified linkage model (ULM) shows why that is a problem. Cybersecurity teams are faced with a considerable volume of data, including asset inventories, vulnerability scans, threat intelligence feeds, SBOMs, configuration alerts and risk dashboards.

However, major incidents continue to take organizations by surprise. The issue at hand is not one of visibility, but of structure.

Author's summary: The ULM reveals hidden cyber risks.

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CSO Online CSO Online — 2025-10-31

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