International Court of Justice Ruling on Climate Change
Climate change is a human rights crisis, and countries have a legal duty to act, write Jennifer S Martin and colleagues.
Over the past two years, several milestones on climate change have been achieved.
- In summer 2024, the World Health Assembly adopted a dedicated resolution on climate change and health.
- In May 2025, the Global Action Plan on Climate Change and Health 2025-2028 was adopted at the 78th World Health Assembly.
- In July 2025, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued an advisory opinion affirming states' binding legal obligations to prevent environmental harm and tackle climate change.
States have binding legal obligations to prevent considerable environmental harm, cooperate in good faith to tackle climate change, and ensure that their nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement reflect the “highest possible ambition”.
Author's summary: ICJ ruling affirms states' obligations on climate change.
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